Reviewed Journal International of Business Management [ISSN 2663-127X]

ADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A CASE OF ERP SYSTEMS AS ADOPTED BY SELECTED PARASTATAL SECTORS

HUSSEIN DUB JIRMA — 2025-01-04

The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software is an effective tool used to transfer and enable share data among different business partners. Although ERP software can seem complex and comprehensive, the software enable organizations to manage and integrate all their business functions and processes in a detailed and innovative manner. Technological advancement has fundamentally transformed operational efficiencies, leading to faster and more effective service delivery. This study explored the advantages of adopting ERP systems within selected prarastatal organizations, emphasizing the public sectors transition towards a more responsive supply chain processes. The primary objective was to investigate the advantages of technological advancements adopted by selected public sector organizations. Specific objectives included identifying the advantages of ERP systems in supply chain management and to examining the challenges encountered during ERP adoption. The research was guided by public service logic theory and stakeholder theory. A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing purposive and stratified sampling methods to survey managers and procurement officers in Kenya. The target population comprised managers from various organizations. The findings revealed that ERP system adoption and usage enhances organizational performance in service delivery. The study recommended increased training for personnel to maximize the effectiveness of ERP systems in improving service delivery.

LEVERAGING STRATEGIC EXECUTION PROTOCOL FOR COMPETITIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA

BARRACK OTIENO OKELLO — 2025-01-07

The Kenyan banking industry is transforming rapidly, driven by dynamic market conditions, regulatory changes, and evolving customer expectations. This study investigated the influence of Strategic Execution Protocols (SEP) on the Competitiveness of commercial banks in Kenya. Guided by Competence-Based Theory and the Balanced Scorecard Framework, the study adopted a mixed-methods approach combining descriptive and explanatory research designs. The target population comprised top- and middle-level managers from 39 commercial banks, with data collected from 39 top-level managers and a random sample of 141 middle-level managers using semi-structured questionnaires. A pilot test confirmed the research instruments' reliability (r = 0.96) and construct validity (KMO = 0.746). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed through thematic content analysis. The findings revealed that SEP significantly influences the Competitiveness of commercial banks (β = 0.502, p < 0.05). Key SEP components—strategic cognitive adaptability, effective strategy deployment, and goal alignment—emerged as critical drivers of enhanced performance. These components enable banks to adapt to market dynamics, implement strategies efficiently, and align operational actions with overarching goals. The study also highlighted the importance of clear action plans, alignment of strategic initiatives, and systematic progress tracking to ensure effective execution. Banks with robust SEP mechanisms exhibited greater adaptability, cohesive alignment, and competitive resilience in navigating dynamic market environments. The study concluded that effective strategy execution protocols are essential for maintaining Competitiveness in a rapidly evolving banking industry. Kenyan commercial banks should prioritize translating strategic goals into actionable initiatives, monitoring progress regularly, and aligning operational activities with strategic objectives. Banks can strengthen their competitive positioning and improve market performance by enhancing SEP components and fostering a culture of adaptability and strategic alignment. These findings provide valuable insights into strategic management practices in the banking sector, emphasizing the need for a structured and dynamic approach to strategy execution.

INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS’ IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA ON EFFECTIVENESS OF GOLF RING ROAD PROJECT IN RWANDA

DEBORAH TUMUKUNDE — 2025-01-14

Researching how the decision-making principles of stakeholders affected the success of the Rwandan golf ring road project was the overarching goal of the study. Study objectives included assessing the impact of data-driven decision-making on the effectiveness of the Rwandan Golf Ring Road Project. The research was anchored by Stakeholder Theory. Out of 105targeted professionals, the sample size of 84 respondents was determined by use of Slovins formula. A mixed method approach including qualitative and quantitative was used. A descriptive survey design was used which allowed collection of both qualitative and quantitative data for triangulation. Both primary and secondary data was collected. Data collection instruments included designed questionnaires. Pilot study was carried at Engine Rwanda where 13 questionnaires were distributed at different times. Data analysis procedures was considered after collecting data and the researcher used SPSS version 25 software to obtain the tables of descriptive statistics and correlation and the influence was demonstrated statistically. Qualitative data was thematically analyzed and integrated with quantitative information. The findings highlight strong positive perceptions of stakeholder identification criteria and project effectiveness in the Golf Ring Road Project. Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed with statements emphasizing adequate stakeholder engagement, diversity, fair representation, and efforts to include marginalized groups, as reflected in high mean scores (ranging from 4.19 to 4.46). The results underscore the project’s success in stakeholder engagement and environmental considerations, contributing to enhanced effectiveness and sustainability. The Golf Ring Road Project demonstrates a commendable level of stakeholder engagement, inclusivity, and commitment to sustainable construction practices. It is recommended that future projects enhance mechanisms for resolving conflicts of interest, further amplify marginalized voices, and ensure ongoing stakeholder collaboration to sustain these positive outcomes.

EFFECT OF SOURCING FLEXIBILITY ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AMONG KENYAN SMALL-SCALE IMPORTERS WITHIN GIKOMBA MARKET, NAIROBI COUNTY KENYA

JAMLIC MUNYASYA — 2025-01-22

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of sourcing flexibility on competitive advantage among small-scale importers in Gikomba Market, Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study comprised 1,500 licensed small-scale importers at Gikomba Market, and the sampling frame was obtained from The Nairobi Importers and Small Traders Association (NISTA). The sampling technique used was stratified sampling, selecting 316 importers. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire contained closed-ended questions, scored and rated on a five-point Likert scale. Data cleaning and analysis were performed using SPSS Version 25.0 software, and descriptive and inferential statistics were generated. The descriptive results included means and standard deviations, while the regression results were based on the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression models. Finally, the output of the analysis was expressed as frequencies and percentages, with the results presented in tables and charts.

Results showed that a range of suppliers ensured consistent product quality (mean = 3.67). Participants agreed that reducing delivery time lowers costs and enhances competitiveness (mean = 3.82). Furthermore, supplier switching costs were found to be moderate, with 43% agreeing that easy transitions between suppliers improve competitive positioning (mean = 3.84). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.774, p < 0.05) between sourcing flexibility and competitive advantage. Regression analysis confirmed a strong relationship (R = 0.774, R² = 0.599, p < 0.05), indicating that an increase in sourcing flexibility leads to a corresponding increase in competitive advantage.

The study concludes that lead time reduction plays a critical role in enhancing cost efficiency and competitive pricing. The study recommends regularly evaluate suppliers' reliability to ensure quality and timely deliveries by establishing performance metrics and conducting quarterly reviews. Further studies could investigate the effect of supplier switching costs, as these may significantly influence supply chain flexibility.

MODERATING EFFECT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON THE INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIC HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES PRACTICES ON EXTERNAL LABOUR MOBILITY IN PUBLIC LEVEL FIVE HOSPITALS IN KENYA

JOHN KAGWI KAMAU — 2025-01-24

Human resources for Health are a strategic asset in the implementation of the universal health care coverage and their motivation, attraction and retention is instrumental in attaining the set goals and objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of strategic health and safety practices on external labor mobility in public level five hospitals in Kenya. The study adopted the mixed research design method involved a variety of analytical methods. Heinrich’s Domino theory was used to explain the relationship between the variables under study. The study targeted a population of 4,388 medical officers and nurses in the fourteen public level five hospitals in Kenya, from which a sample of 353 respondents were selected using stratified random sampling methods while purposive sampling technique was used to select the eight (8) public level five hospitals representing the former provinces in Kenya. Quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential methods. The findings of this research indicated that strategic health and safety was not a significant predictor of external labour mobility. The study recommended that the Government of Kenya (GoK) and the County Governments should offer sponsorship programs to the human resources for health; provision of personal protective equipment/gear and adequate working conditions to protect themselves against occupational diseases and loss of life; formation of health and safety committees in the health facilities. Future researchers should focus on other strategic human resource management practices influencing external labour mobility especially on generational groups.

INDIVIDUALIZED CONSIDERATION’S EFFECT ON IMPROVEMENT OF PERFORMANCE AT THE NYANDARUA COUNTY ASSEMBLY IN KENYA

LEAH WANJIRU WANDERI — 2025-01-29

The county assemblies in Kenya are facing challenges in successfully executing the mandate including legislation, oversight the senior officials and representation of the general public. For Nyandarua county assembly, the infighting, inability to maintain the leadership positions, and suspension of some leaders; this has caused delays in policy and legislature formulation, inability to call for public hearings and participation in representing the views of the residents and delays in submitting reports. These implied decline in performance outcomes, and hence the need to adopt transformational leadership with its dimension of considering the individual employees. This paper focused on individualized consideration and its effect on performance at the Nyandarua county assembly. The paper was informed by transformational leadership theory and balanced scorecard model. Through use of descriptive research design, the study targeted top, middle and low-level management teams who took part in the study by filling the semi-structured questionnaire. There were 73 responses from a possible 81 distributed questionnaire, making a response rate of 90.1%. The findings show that 63.4% change in performance was linked to effect of individualized consideration. Additionally, the relationship between individualized consideration and performance was significant and positive since r = 0.596. The beta coefficient revealed that individualized consideration influenced the performance at the Nyandarua County Assembly, based on β =0.405, t = 1.302, and 0.000 < 0.05. Therefore, concluding that individualized consideration was effective in improving performance at the county assembly of Nyandarua. The paper recommends the assembly follows the contents of chapter six on leadership and integrity when selecting/electing its leaders. The leaders must take care of the needs, aspirations and interests of the subordinates; this will help create a good work environment and uplift performance outcomes.

STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN KENYA

JACKSON MWEMA MALII — 2025-02-04

The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of stakeholder management on sustainability of solid waste management projects with project leadership as moderator in Kenya. Additionally, the research examined the moderating influence of project leadership on the relationship between stakeholder management and sustainability of solid waste management projects in Kenya. The theoretical framework was informed by the resource-based theory. The research employed the correlational cross-sectional survey design. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 23 county chief officers, 23 directors, 23 deputy directors and 139 sub-county officers from a target population of 47 county chief officers, 47 directors, 47 deputy directors and 290 sub-county officers in charge of solid waste management projects in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The collected data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet to be used for analysis. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The correlation results showed that stakeholder management had a positive and significant relationship with sustainability of solid waste management projects. The regression results showed that stakeholder management had a positive and significant influence on sustainability of solid waste management projects. The results indicated that project leadership had a significant moderating influence on the relationship between stakeholder management and sustainability of solid waste management projects in Kenya. Managers and policy makers should to focus on strengthening stakeholder management to foster the sustainability of solid waste management projects. Future research could examine the moderating influence of project leadership on the relationship between stakeholder management and project sustainability in other sectors.

INFLUENCE OF SALARY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA

RULISA CHRISSY — 2025-02-04

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of salary on employee performance in public institutions in Rwanda. The study was anchored on human capital theory and supported by agency theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 4 Public Institutions located in Kigali Rwanda. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and interviews while secondary data was collected through review of relevant literature. The findings showed that the respondents agreed with the various statements on the influence of salaries on their performance. This is because all the mean values were above 3.5. The findings specifically showed that the respondents agreed that their performance is more Motivated by a Reasonable Salary that they earn from their current Employer (M=3.982, SD=1.37) and that they always get Encouraged to work due to the salary that comes on time (M=3.889, SD=1.381). Respondents also agreed that their salary increment motivates their dairy performance at their work place in their organization (M=3.777, SD=1.275); salary is the sole motivator that enables them to perform to their employers’ Expectations (M=3.738, SD=1.32); and that salary is not the only sole Motivator that influences Performance at their Work Place (M=3.698, SD=1.331). The findings established that salary had significant influence on employee performance in in Public Institutions in Rwanda since the p-value obtained was less than the selected level of significance. The finding further showed that the influence of salary on employee performance in Public Institutions in Rwanda was positive. Based on the findings, the study concluded that there is a positive significant relationship between salary and employee performance in selected Public Institutions in Rwanda. Salary was found to have positive significant influence on employee performance. The study recommends Public Institutions in Rwanda to consider the salary they offer their employees because it will determine their level of performance which in return affects the performance of the organization. Also, since monetary rewards are seen as a right rather than a reward, their serving as motivating factors has diminished and therefore the companies should focus on combining it with other motivating factors like social recognition and feedback.

INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION ON HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF KENYA

ANNE THUMBI — 2025-02-07

The study examined the influence of knowledge acquisition on human resource planning. The research was anchored on the knowledge-based view theory. A mixed research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population consisted of 209 employees from various hierarchical levels within the organization. The study employed a census approach. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and a secondary data template. The study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics for data analysis. The pilot study conducted in the Judicial Service Commission confirmed the validity and reliability of the research instruments, with factor analysis showing all statements had factor loadings above 0.4, demonstrating strong construct validity. Reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha yielded coefficients ranging from 0.745 to 0.823, all exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.7, indicating the internal consistency of the instruments. The study found that knowledge acquisition had a significant positive influence on human resource planning (r = 0.695, β = 0.695, p = 0.000). The study recommends that the Public Service Commission of Kenya should prioritize and enhance its knowledge management practices to improve human resource planning. This includes implementing structured programs for continuous learning and development, investing in advanced knowledge management systems and databases. The organization should also develop a comprehensive knowledge management policy that explicitly links knowledge practices to human resource planning.

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY RISKS IN SUPPLY CHAINS IN KENYA

VINCENT OOKO OCHIENG, PhD — 2025-02-24

In the context of intensifying efforts to enhance performance of supply chains, and the timely introduction of products and technologies within competitive markets, organizations and their supply chains have often overlooked the quality risks associated with new product development, particularly concerning design and engineering. This oversight is starkly illustrated by the recent widespread and detrimental product recalls across the automotive, food, pharmaceutical, and smartphone manufacturing sectors, which have brought the issues of product and process quality, as well as associated risks, to the forefront. Additionally, the alarming rise of counterfeit and contraband products in Kenyan supply chains and globally has reached a critical level of concern. Consequently, this study sought to identify and evaluate various quality risks present in the supply chains in Kenya. Utilizing systematic literature survey, the study provided comprehensive overview of supply chain quality risks, the risk perspectives, strategies for risk mitigation, and challenges to management of supply chain quality. The study concluded that supply chains must employ proactive mechanisms for quality determination and anticipation in order to enhance resilience.

EFFECT OF TRIPLE CONSTRAINTS ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN KIGALI RWANDA

ZINGIRO YANNICK — 2025-02-26

This study determined the effect of the Triple Constraints—time, scope, and cost—on the implementation of road construction projects in Kigali, Rwanda. The specific objectives include examining the impact of time constraints, establishing the influence of scope constraints, and analyzing the effects of cost constraints on these projects. A descriptive survey research design was utilized, allowing for the exploration of the relationships between these constraints and project implementation. The target population comprises 334 individuals representing diverse stakeholders involved in Kigali's infrastructure projects. A sample size of 183 was determined using Yamane's formula, employing stratified random sampling techniques to ensure representation across different categories. Data collection incorporated both primary and secondary sources; primary data was gathered through questionnaires, while secondary data included published literature from books and journals relevant to the study's focus. A pilot study involving 19 employees from Horizon Construction Company, representing 10% of the sample size, was conducted to validate the research instruments. Expert opinions were sought to establish the validity of the survey tools, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to assess internal consistency. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, applying both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive statistics summarized the data using percentages, frequencies, and counts, while inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis, was employed to explore relationships and predictions among the variables. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis, with findings presented in a narrative format supplemented by direct quotations. This comprehensive approach aims to provide insights into the implications of Triple Constraints on the successful implementation of road construction projects in Kigali. The results indicate that the constant term is 0.045, suggesting a baseline level of project implementation when all predictors are zero, but this is not statistically significant (t = 0.316, p = 0.752). Among the independent variables, time constraints (B = 0.217, t = 3.806, p < 0.001) demonstrate a positive and statistically significant effect, indicating that as time constraints increase, the implementation of road projects also improves. Scope constraints show the most substantial positive influence (B = 0.575, t = 8.918, p < 0.001), suggesting that a well-defined scope significantly enhances project implementation effectiveness. Lastly, cost constraints (B = 0.197, t = 3.284, p = 0.001) also have a positive impact, though less pronounced than scope constraints. The standardized coefficients (Beta) reveal that scope constraints have the strongest effect (β = 0.514), followed by time constraints (β = 0.242) and cost constraints (β = 0.222), indicating the relative importance of these constraints in the implementation of road construction projects. In conclusion, the findings highlight the significant role of scope, time, and cost constraints in the successful implementation of road construction projects, with scope constraints emerging as the most critical factor. It is recommended that project managers prioritize clear project scopes and allocate adequate time resources to mitigate delays and enhance overall project effectiveness. For future studies, it would be beneficial to explore additional factors influencing project implementation, such as stakeholder engagement and technological advancements, as well as conducting longitudinal research to assess the long-term impacts of these constraints over time.

EFFECT OF PRODUCT MIX FLEXIBILITY ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AMONG KENYAN SMALL-SCALE IMPORTERS WITHIN GIKOMBA MARKET, NAIROBI COUNTY KENYA

JAMLIC MUNYASYA — 2025-02-26

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of product mix flexibility on competitive advantage among small-scale importers in Gikomba Market, Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study comprised 1,500 licensed small-scale importers at Gikomba Market, and the sampling frame was obtained from The Nairobi Importers and Small Traders Association (NISTA). The sampling technique used was stratified sampling, selecting 316 importers. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire contained closed-ended questions, scored and rated on a five-point Likert scale. Data cleaning and analysis were performed using SPSS Version 25.0 software, and descriptive and inferential statistics were generated. The descriptive results included means and standard deviations, while the regression results were based on the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression models. Finally, the output of the analysis was expressed as frequencies and percentages, with the results presented in tables and charts. Results indicated that providing options such as electronics, clothing, and accessories helps meet diverse customer needs (mean = 3.83). However, participants were neutral on quickly introducing trending items or innovative solutions to meet customer needs. Pearson correlational analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (n=242, r = .780**, p<0.05) between product mix flexibility and competitive advantage. The regression model explained 60.8% of the variance in competitive advantage (R = .780, R² = .608, p < 0.05), with the F value (372.258, p < 0.05) confirming the model's suitability. The regression coefficients highlighted a strong effect of product mix flexibility on competitive advantage, with a standardized coefficient (Beta) of .774, implying that a unit increase in product mix flexibility leads to a 0.794 unit increase in competitive advantage. The study customizing products to meet niche market needs by offering tailored items or unique functionalities for specific customers. Further studies could investigate the effect of supplier switching costs.

EFFECT OF AGILE PROJECT MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE OF MINING PROJECTS IN RWANDA

ELVIS GATABAZI — 2025-03-08

The goal of this research was to find out how agile project management affects the productivity of mining projects in Rwanda. The study's objectives are to determine the effect of adaptive planning on performance of mining projects in Rwanda, to establish the effect of continuous improvement on performance of mining projects in Rwanda, to assess the effect of iterative project management on performance of mining projects in Rwanda and to examine the effect of Stakeholders collaboration on performance of mining projects in Rwanda. A descriptive survey method was used for this study. Three hundred and eighty-eight respondents with experience in project management made up the study's primary emphasis. A sample size of 197 respondents was determined using Slovin’s formula Secondary information was gathered for this study from records kept by the International Supply chain Initiative Project in Rwanda. In addition, questionnaires were sent to gather primary data. Respondents' experiences and insights formed the basis for the study's analysis and interpretations. Different approaches and incentives were used in the surveys, interviews, and observations with the participants. Participants were asked to critically evaluate the instruments' face-to-face and content validity for the researcher. To assure reliability the study used a test-retest strategy. Reliability was calculated using the Cronbach's coefficient. Reliability of the tool was a test value of 0.7 or above. Concurrent triangulation was used to increase the reliability of the study's findings. The data was collected through the use of a structured questionnaire, and subsequent analysis made use of descriptive statistics. Inferential analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis was used to assess the degree of association between the two sets of variables. A thorough interview approach was used to determine the validity of non-numerical instruments. The study used SPSS tool version 25 to analyze the data. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests was used to analyze quantitative data, and tables and figures were used to display the results. Percentages, rates, and counts are under the purview of descriptive statistical tests, while multiple regression is used in inferential statistical analyses. The results of this thematic analysis of qualitative data were presented in narrative style with direct quotations from the sources used to support them. The results indicates that the constant term is 1.203, with a significant t-value of 8.248 (p < 0.001), suggesting a robust baseline performance. Among the predictors, adaptive planning shows a positive and significant relationship with project performance (B = 0.258, β = 0.368, t = 7.871, p < 0.001), highlighting its crucial role in enhancing outcomes. Conversely, continuous improvement exhibits a negative impact on performance (B = -0.179, β = -0.250, t = -4.199, p < 0.001), indicating potential misalignment or ineffective implementation within the context. Iterative methods also contribute positively to performance (B = 0.171, β = 0.207, t = 2.938, p = 0.004), affirming their utility in adaptive project management. Notably, close collaboration emerges as the most influential variable, with the highest standardized coefficient (B = 0.483, β = 0.578, t = 10.400, p < 0.001), underscoring its significance in driving project success in the mining sector. In conclusion, the findings highlight the significant role of adaptive planning, iterative methods, and close collaboration in driving project performance within the mining sector, while continuous improvement may require strategic reassessment to mitigate its negative impact. Based on these results, it is recommended that mining firms emphasize collaborative practices and flexible planning frameworks to enhance project outcomes, while carefully evaluating and refining continuous improvement initiatives to ensure alignment with project goals. Future studies could explore the underlying causes of the negative effects of continuous improvement in this context and investigate how these strategies might be better adapted to dynamic, resource-intensive industries.

EFFECT OF TASKS DEPENDENCE MAPPING ON PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN RWANDA

NTAMVUTSA PRINCE TRAVIS — 2025-03-08

The performance of construction projects is significantly influenced by the interdependence of tasks and their efficient coordination. This study examines the effect of task dependence mapping on the performance of construction projects in Rwanda, with a specific focus on Nyarutarama Property Developers. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected through surveys and interviews with project managers, engineers, and other key stakeholders involved in the construction process. The study explores how mapping task dependencies enhances workflow efficiency, minimizes delays, and optimizes resource allocation. One hundred seventy engineers working for Nyarutarama Property Developers with a concentration on road construction made up the study's target population. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Secondary data was sourced from pertinent papers gathered from a Rwandan construction business. Furthermore, surveys made it easier to get primary data. Respondents' points of view formed the basis of the research's analysis and interpretations. A variety of methods and incentives was used to conduct surveys, interviews, and observations to the participants. The growth of a specific factor is dependent on all the other factors. As part of the study, the researcher asked participants to rate the instruments' content and face validity. In order to determine the reliability of the measurements, the research used test-retest methods. In order to determine how trustworthy, the instruments are, the study used Cronbach's coefficient. For the instruments to be considered reliable, the test result must be at least 0.7. The study used a structured questionnaire to gather primary data, and then the study analyzed it using descriptive statistics. Hence, to determine the strength of the link between the independent and dependent variables, the study used inferential analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. Applying descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, as well as presenting findings using tables and figures, were part of the quantitative data assessment process. Counts, frequencies, and percentages are some of the metrics used in descriptive statistics tests to characterize and summarize data. In contrast, multiple regression is a statistical tool for investigating correlations and drawing conclusions from a collection of independent variables; it is an integral part of inferential statistical tests. Applying theme analysis approaches to qualitative data allows for the presentation of findings in a narrative format with the addition of direct quotes. The standardized coefficients (Beta) provide a comparison of the relative strength of each predictor in the model, with Task’s Dependence Mapping also having the highest Beta value of 0.260. The t-values and corresponding significance levels indicate the statistical significance of each predictor, with all variables except the constant being significant at p < 0.05. Specifically, Task’s Dependence Mapping (t = 2.799, p = 0.006) and Project Tasks Definition (t = 1.982, p = 0.050) are at the edge of significance. Findings indicate that proper task dependence mapping leads to improved project timelines, cost management, and overall quality of construction outputs. However, challenges such as poor communication and lack of proper planning can hinder its effectiveness. The study recommends the adoption of digital project management tools and enhanced collaboration among stakeholders to improve construction project outcomes. These insights contribute to the growing body of knowledge on construction project management in Rwanda and provide practical recommendations for developers seeking to enhance project performance.

EFFECT OF PROJECT SCHEDULING ON PERFORMANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN RWANDA

DIVINE UMUHOZA — 2025-03-14

This study investigates the relationship between project schedule management practices and the performance of Kigali infrastructure project in Rwanda. Specifically, the study focused on tasks dependence mapping, project tasks definition, scheduling procedures communication and project resourcing planning on performance of construction projects in Rwanda. The study focused on a target demographic consisting of 314 engineers employed at KIP who specialize in road construction. The collection of primary data was facilitated by the administration of questionnaires. The test-retest methodology was utilized in order to ascertain the reliability of the measurements. The Cronbach's coefficient was employed to evaluate the reliability of the instruments. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire, and descriptive statistics were employed to evaluate the data. Descriptive statistical tests comprise several measurements, including percentages, frequencies, and counts, which are used to summarize and describe data. On the other hand, inferential statistical tests involve the application of multiple regression. The results show that Project Resourcing Planning has the strongest positive relationship with project performance (B = 0.472, Beta = 0.548), followed by Project Tasks Definition (B = 0.228, Beta = 0.266) and Task’s Dependence Mapping (B = 0.184, Beta = 0.213). In contrast, Scheduling Procedures Communication has a negative relationship with project performance (B = -0.132, Beta = -0.136), indicating that poor communication in scheduling negatively affects project outcomes. In conclusion, the study reveals that task dependence mapping, project tasks definition, scheduling procedures communication, and project resourcing planning significantly influence road construction project performance, with resourcing planning having the strongest positive impact. It is recommended that project managers prioritize improving resource planning and task definition while addressing communication challenges in scheduling to enhance overall project outcomes. Future studies should explore the integration of advanced technologies like AI in scheduling and resourcing.

CONTRIBUTION OF MICRO-ONLINE PRODUCTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELFARE OF BENEFICIARIES OF MICROFINANCE FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA

AGNES MUKANDAYISENGA — 2025-03-14

The integration of micro-online products within microfinance institutions (MFIs) has emerged as a crucial tool for enhancing financial inclusion and improving the socio-economic welfare of beneficiaries. This study examines the contribution of micro-online products to the socio-economic well-being of individuals and small businesses benefiting from MFIs in Rulindo District, Rwanda. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with MFI beneficiaries, managers, and financial experts. Key areas of focus include access to digital financial services, business growth, income levels, and overall financial resilience. The study adopted a descriptive survey involving both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative analysis included a review of existing literature. The target population comprised of 550 respondents. The sample size of 302 was determined. A combination of purposive, stratified and random sampling techniques was adopted. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire while secondary data included peer reviewed published journal articles. A preliminary test was done on the data collection tools and procedures to identify likely problems. This test was conducted at Umurenge Sacco based in Gasabo District, whereby 39 questionnaires were administered to the employees in the respective departments. The filled questionnaires were later checked for consistency. Qualitative and quantitative data was triangulated to corroborate findings and enhance the validity of the results. Inferential statistics involved conducting linear regression analysis to examine the relationships between independent and dependent variables, providing insights into their predictive power and statistical significance. Hypotheses were tested by evaluating the regression coefficients, using p-values and confidence intervals to determine whether the relationships are statistically significant. The study interpreted the analyzed data in light of the research objectives and theoretical framework. The unstandardized coefficients show the impact of each predictor variable on the dependent variable, socio-economic welfare. The regression analysis presented indicates a strong positive relationship between Micro-online Services and Socio-Economic Welfare, with an R value of 0.777 and an R Square value of 0.604, suggesting that approximately 60.4% of the variance in Socio-Economic Welfare can be explained by Micro-online Services. The low standard error of the estimate (0.16015) further confirms the model’s reliability. ANOVA results reinforce this, with a significant F-statistic of 434.403 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating that the relationship is statistically significant. The model effectively explains the variance in Socio-Economic Welfare, with Micro-online Services showing a substantial positive impact. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers, microfinance institutions, and development organizations seeking to optimize financial services for low-income populations.

RISK MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND TIMELY COMPLETION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AT NYARUTARAMA PROPERTY DEVELOPERS RWANDA

INGABIRE JIMMY — 2025-03-23

The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of risk mitigation strategies on the timely completion of road construction projects at Nyarutarama Property Developers (NPD) Rwanda. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of risk reduction, risk transfer, risk avoidance and risk retention on the timely completion of road construction projects at Nyarutarama Property Developers (NPD) Rwanda. The study employed descriptive survey design, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. Data was collected from a target population of 319 NPD employees, with a sample size of 178, using stratified random sampling. The study incorporated both primary and secondary data. Validity and reliability of the instruments was ensured through expert reviews and pre-tests, and data was analyzed using SPSS, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that the variables of risk reduction, risk avoidance, and risk retention significantly impact the timely completion of road construction projects. Specifically, risk reduction (B = 0.295, p < 0.001) and risk avoidance (B = 0.685, p < 0.001) have the strongest positive relationships with timely completion, with risk avoidance showing the highest standardized coefficient (Beta = 0.640), suggesting it has the greatest influence. Risk retention also positively affects timely completion (B = 0.115, p = 0.001), albeit to a lesser extent. In contrast, risk transfer (B = 0.045, p = 0.165) was not found to have a statistically significant effect on timely completion, indicating that it may not be as influential in this context. In conclusion, the study found that risk reduction, risk avoidance, and risk retention significantly contribute to the timely completion of road construction projects, while risk transfer had a minimal effect. It was recommended that Nyarutama Property Developers (NPD) enhance the implementation of risk reduction and avoidance strategies to further improve project outcomes. Further studies could explore the long-term effects of these risk management strategies on project success and investigate the potential integration of new risk management technologies in the construction industry.

ELECTRONIC BANKING SERVICES AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

HEZRON ORINA NYANG’AU — 2025-03-30

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of electronic banking services on performance of commercial banks in Mombasa County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to examine the influence of mobile banking and internet banking on performance of commercial banks in Mombasa County, Kenya. The theoretical framework was informed by the resource-based theory of the firm, dynamic capability theory and technology organization environment theory. The study employed the correlational cross-sectional survey research design to test non-causal relationships between the study variables. The target population consisted of the 98 branch managers and 98 operations managers of the 39 commercial banks in Mombasa County, Kenya. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was utilized to select a sample size of 66 branch managers and 66 operations managers of the 39 commercial banks in Mombasa County, Kenya. A pilot study was conducted to ascertain the validity and reliability of the constructed survey questionnaire. A structured self-administered survey questionnaire was used as the means of collecting primary data. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey-based approach. The collected data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet used for analysis. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Pearson’s correlation results indicated that mobile banking and internet banking had positive and significant relationship with the performance of commercial banks in Mombasa County, Kenya. The regression results indicated that mobile banking and internet banking had positive and significant influence on the performance of commercial banks in Mombasa County, Kenya. The research recommends that the managers and practitioners within the banking industry should implement the electronic banking to foster the performance of commercial banks. The policymakers within the banking industry should initiate policy review to encourage managers and practitioners to implement the electronic banking to foster the performance of commercial banks. The study recommends intriguing areas for further research. Future research should examine the influence of electronic banking on performance of commercial banks in other sectors or contexts.

INFLUENCE OF DIPLOMATIC STRATEGIES ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN KHATUMO STATE, SOMALIA

ALI ABDIRAHMAN KHEIRE — 2025-04-04

Conflict resolution in Khatumo State, Somalia, amidst ongoing strife with Somaliland forces, presents complex challenges fueled by territorial claims and political divisions. The conflict has caused civilian casualties and displacement, with 11 recent fatalities in the Sool region. This study explored the impact of diplomatic strategies—negotiation, mediation, recanalization, and reintegration—on conflict resolution in Khatumo. Guided by Conflict Resolution and Diplomatic Theories, the study employed a descriptive design to investigate these strategies. A target population of 500 diplomats was selected using stratified random sampling, resulting in 222 respondents. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, validated by pilot testing and assessed for reliability using Cronbach's alpha. SPSS was used for data analysis, which aimed to explore relationships between diplomatic strategies and conflict resolution outcomes. The study reveals that negotiation, mediation, recanalization, and reintegration significantly impact conflict resolution in Khatumo State, Somalia. Negotiation shows the strongest effect with β=0.331, a p-value of 0.004, and a Beta of 0.521. Mediation (β=0.242, p=0.002, Beta=0.421) and recanalization (β=0.198, p=0.000, Beta=0.362) also play key roles. Reintegration has a β=0.211, p=0.001, and Beta=0.523, demonstrating its importance in fostering long-term peace. In Khatumo State, negotiation, mediation, recanalization, and reintegration are vital for conflict resolution, yet the process remains fragile due to internal and external challenges. The study recommended that, for improved conflict resolution, inclusive negotiation frameworks involving marginalized groups and external mediators should be established. Local leaders should be trained in negotiation, and mediation should be supported with resources for local mediators. Open communication channels should be maintained for recanalization, and reintegration programs should be expanded to provide vocational training, psychological support, and economic opportunities.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATION PROJECTS IN RWANDA

ANNA BATAMULIZA — 2025-04-08

The general objective of this study was to investigate the influence of quality management practices and performance of telecommunications projects in Rwanda. The specific objectives were to analyze the relationship between quality planning and performance of telecommunications projects in Rwanda, to examine the relationship between quality improvement and performance of telecommunications projects in Rwanda, to determine the relationship between quality assurance and performance of telecommunications projects in Rwanda and to evaluate the relationship between quality control and performance of telecommunications projects in Rwanda. This study encompassed a theoretical framework consisting of four prominent theories: Deming's Theory of Quality Management, the Theory of Constraints (TOC), the Juran Trilogy Theory, and the Contingency Theory. This study adopted a correlation research design, which is suitable for providing a detailed account of quality management practices and their impact on telecommunications project performance. The target population for this study consisted of 412 individuals directly involved in the execution and management of telecommunications projects at TransAfrica Communications in Rwanda. The study adopted Slovin’s formula to determine the appropriate sample size for quantitative data collection that was 203. Purposive sampling technique was used in the study. Both primary and secondary data was collected. While main data was gathered through questionnaires, secondary data from pertinent documents acquired from TransAfrica Communications was used in the research. The opinions of the respondents informed the research analysis and interpretations. Questionnaires, interviews, observation, application of various methodologies, and incentive were given to the respondents; each component resulted in the creation of a variable. Participants were asked to examine instruments for content validity and face-to-face validity by the researcher. The test-retest methodology was applied for reliability. The reliability of the instruments was determined using the Cronbach's coefficient. A test value of 0.700 was considered sufficient, and the instruments was deemed dependable. Tables and figures were used to present the quantitative data once it has been subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistical testing. Multiple regression is a component of inferential statistical tests, whereas percentages, frequencies, and counts are part of descriptive statical tests. Thematic analysis was used to examine the qualitative data, which were presented narratively with full citations. The results indicate that all the independent variables positively affect project performance, with Quality control having the highest impact (B = 0.379, p < 0.000). Quality planning (B = 0.219, p = 0.002), Quality assurance (B = 0.138, p = 0.001), and Quality improvement (B = 0.250, p < 0.000) also show significant positive relationships with project performance. The standardized beta coefficients highlight the relative importance of these predictors, with Quality control (β = 0.413) being the most influential, followed by Quality improvement (β = 0.228), Quality planning (β = 0.214), and Quality assurance (β = 0.163). In conclusion, the findings indicated that Quality planning, Quality improvement, Quality assurance, and Quality control all significantly contribute to enhancing project performance, with Quality control having the greatest impact. Based on these results, it is recommended that organizations prioritize implementing robust quality management practices, particularly in Quality control and Quality improvement, to optimize project outcomes. For future research, studies could explore the integration of other organizational factors influencing project performance or investigate the long-term impact of quality management practices across different industries.

PROJECT CONSTRAINTS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RUSUMO-BUGESERA-SHANGO 220 kV TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECT IN RWANDA

KIREZI BRUNO — 2025-04-08

This study aimed to investigate project constraints and their impact on the scope implementation of electrical power transmission and distribution projects in Rwanda, using the Rusumo-Bugesera-Shango 220kV transmission line as a case study. Specifically, the study examined the effects of financial, time, scope, and resource constraints on project implementation. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted, targeting a population of 484 stakeholders directly involved in the project. The sample size, determined using Slovin’s formula, was 219 respondents, selected through stratified random sampling. The study utilized both primary and secondary data collection methods. A pilot test involving 22 participants from Ignite Power, a company specializing in off-grid power connections, was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the research instruments. Validity was ensured through face, construct, and criterion evaluation, while reliability was confirmed using the test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted systematically using SPSS version 25, involving data coding, entry, and cleaning to ensure accuracy and consistency. Both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied. Descriptive statistics, such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency distributions, provided an overview of project delay factors, while thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data, which was presented narratively. The regression analysis revealed significant findings on the impact of constraints on project implementation. Financial constraints had a significant positive impact, with a coefficient of 0.524 (p = 0.000), indicating that financial limitations, when managed effectively, can lead to better project outcomes. Similarly, time constraints showed a positive effect on project implementation, with a coefficient of 0.266 (p = 0.004), suggesting that limited time pressures can enhance efficiency and productivity. However, scope constraints had a negative impact, as indicated by a coefficient of -0.070 (p = 0.049), meaning that an increase in scope limitations reduces project implementation effectiveness. In contrast, resource constraints positively influenced project implementation, with a coefficient of 0.080 (p = 0.014), implying that resource limitations may drive innovation and efficiency in project execution. In conclusion, financial, time, and resource constraints positively contribute to project implementation, whereas scope constraints hinder it. These findings highlight the importance of strategic constraint management in ensuring successful project execution. To enhance project outcomes, project managers should focus on mitigating scope limitations while efficiently handling financial, time, and resource constraints. The study recommends that policymakers and project managers implement structured financial planning, optimize time management strategies, and ensure resource allocation efficiency to improve project execution. Additionally, future research should explore the interplay of different project constraints across various industries and examine how external factors, such as market conditions and regulatory policies, influence project implementation. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on project constraints in large-scale infrastructure projects, particularly in the energy sector. Its findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders involved in power transmission and distribution projects, enabling them to make informed decisions that enhance efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and overall project success.

DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES AND PERFORMANCE OF LOGISTICS COMPANIES IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

COLLINS BOSIRE — 2025-04-16

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of dynamic capabilities on performance of logistics companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to examine the influence of managerial capability and marketing capability on performance of logistics companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. The theoretical framework was informed by the resource-based theory, dynamic capability and managerial capability theory. The study employed the correlational, cross-sectional survey research design to test non-causal relationships between the study variables. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was utilized to select a sample size of 231 logistics companies from a target population of 546 logistics companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. A pilot study was conducted to ascertain the validity and reliability of the survey questionnaire. A structured self-administered survey questionnaire was used as the means of collecting primary data. The collected data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet for analysis. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Pearson’s correlation results indicated that managerial capability and marketing capability had positive and significant relationship with the performance of logistics companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. Regression results indicated that managerial capability and marketing capability had positive and significant influence on the performance of logistics companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study recommended that the managers and practitioners within the logistics industry should implement the dynamic capabilities to foster performance of logistics companies. Policymakers in the logistics industry should initiate policy review to encourage managers and practitioners to implement dynamic capabilities to foster the performance of logistics companies. The study recommended intriguing areas for further research. Future research should examine the influence of dynamic capabilities on firm performance with environmental turbulence as a moderator in other sectors or contexts.

DOES STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY INFLUENCE ORGANISATION PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA?

CAROLINE MUHONJA KELA-KAHINGO — 2025-04-20

Commercial banks offer crucial financial services for a country's economic growth. However, a noticeable erratic trend in profitability in this banks has raised a lot of concern. In addition, the banks are facing challenges regarding customer satisfaction, corporate reputation and brand loyalty. Consequently, this study sought to determine whether environmental dynamism has a moderating effect on the relationship between strategic flexibility and organisation performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Positivism philosophy provided the foundation of this study. The study adopted descriptive and explanatory research designs. The target population comprised the 39 commercial banks in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to select 207 heads of functional areas. This cross-sectional survey used a semi-structured questionnaire to collect primary data. The questionnaire was administered using the drop and pick method to give respondents ample time to fill them. The validity of the instrument was determined through face, construct and content validity. The reliability was assessed by conducting a pilot study to determine the Cronbach’s alpha index whose value was 0.844, thus met the threshold of 0.7. The research yielded a response rate of 72.5%. Diagnostic tests for multicollinearity, homoscedasticity, linearity and normality were conducted. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. Frequency counts, percentages, sample means, sample standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were all used in descriptive analysis. Regression analysis, correlation, and inferential statistics were utilized to test the hypothesised association at a 95% confidence level and determine the type and strength of the relationships between the variables. While narratives were used to present qualitative data, text, tables, and statistical measurements were used to present quantitative data. The findings indicate that strategic flexibility has a significant effect on organisation performance in commercial banks in Kenya. Secondly, the findings indicate that environmental dynamism partially moderates this association. Consequently, the study recommends that heads of corporate strategy should implement policies that support the need for investing in rigorous environmental scanning processes that can assist them to monitor environmental changes, anticipate potential disruptions and proactively adjust their strategies. Similarly, it is recommended that the chief finance officer should focus on development of financial flexibility in their banks to ensure that resources needed to address changes in the environment are readily available when needed.

CONTRIBUTION OF HEALTH POSTS INVESTMENT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN RWANDA

PEACE MUKANKIKO — 2025-04-23

The study dealt with the contribution of health posts investment to socio-economic transformation, case of Nyagatare district. The target population size was 1,013 involved in health program in Nyagatare district such as health post operators, community health workers, in charge of health at District, Sector and Cell levels in five sectors the 32 HPs are located. Among the population of 1,013, sample size was 79. Simple random sampling technique was employed to generate more information needed from patients and purposive technique was used to others like local authorities and health post operators. The results clarified that 93,7% are aware on health post existence in their respective areas, majority (40%) had received preventive services, 32% had received promotional services and 28% indicated that they received some curative services. 31,6% testified that health posts minimized walking time, 25,4% reported that they got primary health services very quickly, 21,5% asserted that health posts promoted job opportunities whereas 21,5% confirmed that income or money were earned through health posts setting up at cell level. The results of the regression model show that taking the independent variables (preventive, curative, and promotional services) constant, socio-economic transformation of citizens was 4.719. It was established that taking other independent variables constant, preventive services contribute at 56.7% in improving socio-economic transformation of citizens. While curative services have a positive contribution which rate at 48.2% and promotional services contribute at 61% in socio-economic transformation of citizens.