FACTORS RELATED TO TEACHERS TRANSFER IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents findings from a larger study that investigated factors related to teachers transfer in public secondary schools in Kajiado County. The study was guided by the following research question: What are the factors related to teachers transfer in public secondary schools in Kajiado County? The research applied Herzberg’s theory of motivation. The study adopted a convergent research design with a mixed-method approach with a parallel database variant. The target population comprised of 6 sub-counties, 95 public secondary schools, 1615 TSC teachers in secondary schools, 95 principals of secondary schools, and 6 TSC sub-county education officials. The sampling techniques used were probability and non-probability to obtain a sample size of 29 schools, 320 teachers, 9 principals, and 3 TSC officials. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, a semi-structured interview guide, and a document analysis guide. Validity of quantitative instruments was ascertained through content and face validity, while reliability was determined by use of Cronbach’s alpha. The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the teachers’ questionnaire was 0.706. Trustworthiness of qualitative research was determined through credibility and dependability where prolonged engagement, triangulation, and member checking were applied. Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS version 26, and descriptive statistics comprising of means, standard deviations, and percentages were obtained. Testing of study hypotheses was determined using the Pearson Moment correlation coefficient. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented in the form of narratives and direct quotes. Data were merged at the interpretation stage. Ethical considerations were taken into account before and during the research process. Key findings indicated that teachers transfer in Kajiado County is caused by students’ indiscipline, lack of involvement in school decision-making, poor housing and location of the school, lack of social amenities, lack of teaching-learning resources, career growth, and lack of supportive environment, family ties, and poor school performance. The study concluded that teacher transfer in public secondary schools is caused by pull and push factors within Kajiado County. The study recommended TSC, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, the Kajiado County government, and school principals’ to put measures within their respective jurisdictions to address the teachers transfer for effective teaching and learning in schools. The findings can be used by the stakeholders to take necessary measures and strengthen the existing policies on teacher transfers to minimize the transfers in schools.
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References
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Aggarwal, A., Dasgupta, A., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2022). Effect of teacher transfers on students learning: Evidence from Haryana. https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2022/papers/Akanksha_Aggarwal.pdf
Alyaha, D. O., Mbogo, R. W. (2017). Impact of working conditions on teachers job satisfaction and performance in the private primary schools in Yei Town, South Sudan. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526), 8(1), 122-129.
Ariko, C. O. & Simatwa, E. M. W. (2011). Factors influencing secondary school teacher transfer requests in Suba district, Kenya: Analytical assessment. Educational Research, 2, 1270-1280.
Asenas, R. N. (2013). The transfer of public secondary school teachers in the national capital region (NCR): An analysis. Journal of Education and Practices, 4(22), 174-180.
Balasooriya, B. M. J. (2012). Teacher recruitment and teacher mobility in Sri Lanka. Commonwealth Education Partnership 2012/2013. Commonwealth Secretariat: Nexus Strategic Partnerships.
Boniface, R. M. (2019). Teachers perceived school level sources of low retention in remote secondary schools in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam Journals, 37 (1), 65-93.
Boyd, D., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., Ronfeldt, M., & Wyckoff, J. (2011). The role of teacher quality in retention and hiring: Using applications to transfer to uncover preferences of teachers and schools. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30(1), 88-110.
Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). The trouble with teacher Turnover: How Teacher attrition affect students and schools. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27(36), 1-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3699
Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher turnover: Why it matters and what we can do about it. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.
Chumba, S. K., (2014). Principal mobility in Kenya: Causes and its effect on teachers efficacy. International Journal of Education and Research, 2(6), 234-254.
Carrasqueira, K, & Koslinski, M. C. (2019). Associated factors to teacher mobility in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Cadernos de pesquisa, 49(173), 106-130. Epub October 17, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1590/198053146014
Dawo, J. I. A., Kawasonga, M. A., & Gogo, O. J. (2015). Analysis of relationship between school workload management and teacher transfer intention in public secondary schools in Mbita and Suba Sub-Counties, Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 5(12), 13-23.
Dlamini, J., Plessis, A. R. D., & Markham, L. (2023). Staffing and Retention Challenges of Teachers in Rural Schools of Eswatini: The Case of the Lubombo Region. International Journal of Rural Management, 19(3), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052221084767
Du Plessis., P & Mestry, R. (2019). Teachers for rural schools: A challenge for South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 39, Supplement 1.
Ekabu, P. K., Kalai, J. M., & Nyagah, G. (2018). Influence of working conditions on turnover intentions of secondary school teachers in Meru County. European Scientific Journal, 14(25), 169-189.
Elacqua, G., & Rosa, L. (2023). Teachers transfers and the disruption of teacher staffing in the city of Sao Paulo. IDB Working Paper Series N. IDB-WP-01437: Inter-American Development Bank.
Espel, E. V., Meyer, S. J. & Weston-Sementelli, J. L. (2019). Factors related to teacher mobility and attrition in Colorado, Missouri and South Dakota (REL 2019-008). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Central. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs
Feng, L., & Sass, T. (2017). Teacher quality and teacher mobility. Education Finance and Policy, 12(3), 396-418.
Feng, L., Figlio, D., & Sass, T. (2018). School accountability and teacher mobility. Journal of Urban Economic, 103, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j-jue.2017.11.001
Goldhaber, D., & Theobald, R. (2022). Teacher attrition and mobility in the pandemic. Education Evaluation Policy Analysis, XX(X), 1-6. DOI: 10.3102/01623737221139285
Hancock, C. B. (2016). Is the grass greener? Current and former music teachers’ perceptions a year after moving to a different school or leaving the classroom. Journal of Research in Music Education, 63(4) 421-438.
Harrel, P. E., Thompson, R., & Brooks, K., (2019). Leaving schools behind: The impact of school student body and working conditions on teacher retention and migration. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 30(2), 144 -158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1457524
Ibwongo, S. R & Komakech, R. A. (2021). Teacher transfers and teachers performance: Experience from Uganda primary schools. Noble International Journal of Social sciences Research, 06(06), 86-98.
Mabeya, T. M. (2019). Influence of working conditions on teacher attrition in public secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Doctoral dissertation: Catholic University of Eastern Africa.
Mohamed, M. J. (2017). Challenges associated with primary school teachers accommodation in rural areas in Arusha district council. Master’s Thesis: Open University of Tanzania.
Muchunguh, D. (Daily Nation, 22nd March, 2023). TSC reveals regions teachers seeking transfer love most. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/education/-tsc-reveals-regions-teachers’-seeking-transfers-love-most-4167782
Muchunguh, D. (Daily Nation, 22nd March, 2023). TSC reveals regions teachers seeking transfer love most. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/education/-tsc-reveals-regions-teachers’-seeking-transfers-love-most-4167782
Mugo, E.W., & Guyo, W. (2018). Factors contributing to labour turnover among public secondary school teachers in Kenya: A case of Embu County. International Journal of Economic, Commerce and Management, VI(2), 363-384.
Nguyen, T. D., Pham, L.D., Crouch, M., & Springer, M. G. (2020). The correlates of teacher turnover: An update and expanded meta-analysis of the literature. Educational Research Review, 31, 100355.
Nittler, K., & Gerber, N. (2018). Teachers transfer: finding the right fit. National Council on Teachers Quality. https://www.nctq.org.blog.teacher-transfer-finding-the right-fit.
Noor, F., Ishaque, S. M., Memon, A. A., & Lodhi, F. A. (2012). Effect of teachers transfer on school system. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(2), 85-94.
Nyakudzuka, J. & Mapuranga, B. (2014). Geographical labour mobility among teachers in Zimbabwean schools. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 1(2), 1-16.
Özoğlu, M. (2015). Mobility–related teacher turnover and the unequal distribution of experienced teachers in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(4), 891-909.
Phiri, D., & Mulenga, I. M. (2020). Teacher transfers from primary schools in Chama district of Zambia and its effects on learners’ academic performance. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education, 3(2), 94-125.
Qin, L. (2019). Factors relating to teachers intention to change school: A multilevel perspectives. Policy Future in Education Journal, 17(2), 1-21.
Peist, E., McMahon, S. D., Davis-Wright, J. O. & Keys, C. B. (2024). Understanding teacher directed violence and related turnover through a school climate framework. Psychology in the Schools, 61(1), 220-236.
Phiri, D., & Mulenga, I. M. (2020). Teacher transfers from primary schools in Chama district of Zambia and its effects on learners’ academic performance. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education, 3(2), 94-125.
Podolsky, A., Kini, T., Bishop, J., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Sticky schools: How to find and keep teachers in the classroom. Phi Delta Kappan, 98(8), 19- 25.
Republic of Zambia (2014). Report of the auditor general on deployment of teachers in basic schools. Lusaka, Zambia.
Riordan, K. E. (2014). Involuntary teacher transfer: An under examined practice. Intervention in School and Clinic, 49(3), 181–186.
Salifu, M. (2020). Challenges in the posting and transfer of teachers to rural community schools in the Sissala East municipality. Journal of Education and Practices, 11(36), 115-126.
Santelli, F.A., & Grissom, J.A. (2022). A bad commute: Does travel time to work predict teacher and leader turnover and other workplace outcomes? (EdWorkingPaper: 22-691). Retrieved from Annenberg Institute at Brown University: https://doi.org/10.26300/dzcj-wg46
Sims, S. (2020). Modeling the relationships between teacher working conditions, job satisfaction and workplace mobility. British Educational Research Journal, 46(2), 301-320.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik. S. (2016). Teacher stress and teacher self-efficacy as predictors of engagement, emotional exhaustion and motivation to leave the teaching profession. Creative Education, 7(13), 1785-1799.
Tahseen, S., & Ul hadi, N. (2015). Factors influencing teachers performance and retention. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, 6(1), 233-244.
Teachers Service Commission (2015). The Teachers Service Commission code of regulations for teachers Act No.20 of 2012. Republic of Kenya.
Teachers Service Commission (2019). Annual report 2018-2019. TSC. Kenya.
Teachers Service Commission (2021). Guidelines for recruitment. TSC. Kenya.
UNESCO (2011). Fundamentals of teachers education development: Improving the conditions of teachers and teaching in rural schools across African countries. International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa. Addis Ababa: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2014). State of education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards a quality Education for All-2015. Santiago: Regional Bureau of Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, Chile.
UNESCO (2022). Teacher deployment, Teacher retention- IIEP policy tool box. https://policytoolbox.iiep.unesco.org
Wamalwa, P. & Likoko, S. (2022). Influence of working environment on transfer intentions among the non-resident teachers in public school. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 12(2), 437- 446.
Wamalwa, P. K., Kapkiai, M. & Ndaita, J. (2018). Influence of management related measures on teacher transfer requests in Turkana County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 23(10), 10-18.
Wea, D., Wolomasi, A. K., & Werang, B. R. (2022). Working conditions and work performance of remote elementary school teachers. Journal of Education Management Studies, 12(1) 01-07.
Wei, Y., Zhou, S. & Liu, Y. (2020). The draw of home: How does teachers initial job placement relate to teacher mobility in rural China? PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227137. Wei, Y., & Zhou, S. (2019). Are better teachers more likely to move? Examining teacher mobility in rural China. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 28(2), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-018-0423-0
Wijayatunga, A. R. (2018). Overstay teacher transfers in public schools in Sri-Lanka: Impact on school management and performance. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Education, 4, 39-50.
Yan, Y. (2021). The influence of working conditions on principal turnover in K-12 public schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 2020, 56(1), 89-122.
Aggarwal, A., Dasgupta, A., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2022). Effect of teacher transfers on students learning: Evidence from Haryana. https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2022/papers/Akanksha_Aggarwal.pdf
Alyaha, D. O., Mbogo, R. W. (2017). Impact of working conditions on teachers job satisfaction and performance in the private primary schools in Yei Town, South Sudan. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526), 8(1), 122-129.
Ariko, C. O. & Simatwa, E. M. W. (2011). Factors influencing secondary school teacher transfer requests in Suba district, Kenya: Analytical assessment. Educational Research, 2, 1270-1280.
Asenas, R. N. (2013). The transfer of public secondary school teachers in the national capital region (NCR): An analysis. Journal of Education and Practices, 4(22), 174-180.
Balasooriya, B. M. J. (2012). Teacher recruitment and teacher mobility in Sri Lanka. Commonwealth Education Partnership 2012/2013. Commonwealth Secretariat: Nexus Strategic Partnerships.
Boniface, R. M. (2019). Teachers perceived school level sources of low retention in remote secondary schools in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam Journals, 37 (1), 65-93.
Boyd, D., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., Ronfeldt, M., & Wyckoff, J. (2011). The role of teacher quality in retention and hiring: Using applications to transfer to uncover preferences of teachers and schools. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30(1), 88-110.
Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). The trouble with teacher Turnover: How Teacher attrition affect students and schools. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27(36), 1-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3699
Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher turnover: Why it matters and what we can do about it. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.
Chumba, S. K., (2014). Principal mobility in Kenya: Causes and its effect on teachers efficacy. International Journal of Education and Research, 2(6), 234-254.
Carrasqueira, K, & Koslinski, M. C. (2019). Associated factors to teacher mobility in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Cadernos de pesquisa, 49(173), 106-130. Epub October 17, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1590/198053146014
Dawo, J. I. A., Kawasonga, M. A., & Gogo, O. J. (2015). Analysis of relationship between school workload management and teacher transfer intention in public secondary schools in Mbita and Suba Sub-Counties, Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 5(12), 13-23.
Dlamini, J., Plessis, A. R. D., & Markham, L. (2023). Staffing and Retention Challenges of Teachers in Rural Schools of Eswatini: The Case of the Lubombo Region. International Journal of Rural Management, 19(3), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052221084767
Du Plessis., P & Mestry, R. (2019). Teachers for rural schools: A challenge for South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 39, Supplement 1.
Ekabu, P. K., Kalai, J. M., & Nyagah, G. (2018). Influence of working conditions on turnover intentions of secondary school teachers in Meru County. European Scientific Journal, 14(25), 169-189.
Elacqua, G., & Rosa, L. (2023). Teachers transfers and the disruption of teacher staffing in the city of Sao Paulo. IDB Working Paper Series N. IDB-WP-01437: Inter-American Development Bank.
Espel, E. V., Meyer, S. J. & Weston-Sementelli, J. L. (2019). Factors related to teacher mobility and attrition in Colorado, Missouri and South Dakota (REL 2019-008). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Central. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs
Feng, L., & Sass, T. (2017). Teacher quality and teacher mobility. Education Finance and Policy, 12(3), 396-418.
Feng, L., Figlio, D., & Sass, T. (2018). School accountability and teacher mobility. Journal of Urban Economic, 103, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j-jue.2017.11.001
Goldhaber, D., & Theobald, R. (2022). Teacher attrition and mobility in the pandemic. Education Evaluation Policy Analysis, XX(X), 1-6. DOI: 10.3102/01623737221139285
Hancock, C. B. (2016). Is the grass greener? Current and former music teachers’ perceptions a year after moving to a different school or leaving the classroom. Journal of Research in Music Education, 63(4) 421-438.
Harrel, P. E., Thompson, R., & Brooks, K., (2019). Leaving schools behind: The impact of school student body and working conditions on teacher retention and migration. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 30(2), 144 -158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1457524
Ibwongo, S. R & Komakech, R. A. (2021). Teacher transfers and teachers performance: Experience from Uganda primary schools. Noble International Journal of Social sciences Research, 06(06), 86-98.
Mabeya, T. M. (2019). Influence of working conditions on teacher attrition in public secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Doctoral dissertation: Catholic University of Eastern Africa.
Mohamed, M. J. (2017). Challenges associated with primary school teachers accommodation in rural areas in Arusha district council. Master’s Thesis: Open University of Tanzania.
Muchunguh, D. (Daily Nation, 22nd March, 2023). TSC reveals regions teachers seeking transfer love most. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/education/-tsc-reveals-regions-teachers’-seeking-transfers-love-most-4167782
Muchunguh, D. (Daily Nation, 22nd March, 2023). TSC reveals regions teachers seeking transfer love most. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/education/-tsc-reveals-regions-teachers’-seeking-transfers-love-most-4167782
Mugo, E.W., & Guyo, W. (2018). Factors contributing to labour turnover among public secondary school teachers in Kenya: A case of Embu County. International Journal of Economic, Commerce and Management, VI(2), 363-384.
Nguyen, T. D., Pham, L.D., Crouch, M., & Springer, M. G. (2020). The correlates of teacher turnover: An update and expanded meta-analysis of the literature. Educational Research Review, 31, 100355.
Nittler, K., & Gerber, N. (2018). Teachers transfer: finding the right fit. National Council on Teachers Quality. https://www.nctq.org.blog.teacher-transfer-finding-the right-fit.
Noor, F., Ishaque, S. M., Memon, A. A., & Lodhi, F. A. (2012). Effect of teachers transfer on school system. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(2), 85-94.
Nyakudzuka, J. & Mapuranga, B. (2014). Geographical labour mobility among teachers in Zimbabwean schools. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 1(2), 1-16.
Özoğlu, M. (2015). Mobility–related teacher turnover and the unequal distribution of experienced teachers in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(4), 891-909.
Phiri, D., & Mulenga, I. M. (2020). Teacher transfers from primary schools in Chama district of Zambia and its effects on learners’ academic performance. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education, 3(2), 94-125.
Qin, L. (2019). Factors relating to teachers intention to change school: A multilevel perspectives. Policy Future in Education Journal, 17(2), 1-21.
Peist, E., McMahon, S. D., Davis-Wright, J. O. & Keys, C. B. (2024). Understanding teacher directed violence and related turnover through a school climate framework. Psychology in the Schools, 61(1), 220-236.
Phiri, D., & Mulenga, I. M. (2020). Teacher transfers from primary schools in Chama district of Zambia and its effects on learners’ academic performance. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education, 3(2), 94-125.
Podolsky, A., Kini, T., Bishop, J., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Sticky schools: How to find and keep teachers in the classroom. Phi Delta Kappan, 98(8), 19- 25.
Republic of Zambia (2014). Report of the auditor general on deployment of teachers in basic schools. Lusaka, Zambia.
Riordan, K. E. (2014). Involuntary teacher transfer: An under examined practice. Intervention in School and Clinic, 49(3), 181–186.
Salifu, M. (2020). Challenges in the posting and transfer of teachers to rural community schools in the Sissala East municipality. Journal of Education and Practices, 11(36), 115-126.
Santelli, F.A., & Grissom, J.A. (2022). A bad commute: Does travel time to work predict teacher and leader turnover and other workplace outcomes? (EdWorkingPaper: 22-691). Retrieved from Annenberg Institute at Brown University: https://doi.org/10.26300/dzcj-wg46
Sims, S. (2020). Modeling the relationships between teacher working conditions, job satisfaction and workplace mobility. British Educational Research Journal, 46(2), 301-320.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik. S. (2016). Teacher stress and teacher self-efficacy as predictors of engagement, emotional exhaustion and motivation to leave the teaching profession. Creative Education, 7(13), 1785-1799.
Tahseen, S., & Ul hadi, N. (2015). Factors influencing teachers performance and retention. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, 6(1), 233-244.
Teachers Service Commission (2015). The Teachers Service Commission code of regulations for teachers Act No.20 of 2012. Republic of Kenya.
Teachers Service Commission (2019). Annual report 2018-2019. TSC. Kenya.
Teachers Service Commission (2021). Guidelines for recruitment. TSC. Kenya.
UNESCO (2011). Fundamentals of teachers education development: Improving the conditions of teachers and teaching in rural schools across African countries. International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa. Addis Ababa: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2014). State of education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards a quality Education for All-2015. Santiago: Regional Bureau of Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, Chile.
UNESCO (2022). Teacher deployment, Teacher retention- IIEP policy tool box. https://policytoolbox.iiep.unesco.org
Wamalwa, P. & Likoko, S. (2022). Influence of working environment on transfer intentions among the non-resident teachers in public school. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 12(2), 437- 446.
Wamalwa, P. K., Kapkiai, M. & Ndaita, J. (2018). Influence of management related measures on teacher transfer requests in Turkana County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 23(10), 10-18.
Wea, D., Wolomasi, A. K., & Werang, B. R. (2022). Working conditions and work performance of remote elementary school teachers. Journal of Education Management Studies, 12(1) 01-07.
Wei, Y., Zhou, S. & Liu, Y. (2020). The draw of home: How does teachers initial job placement relate to teacher mobility in rural China? PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227137. Wei, Y., & Zhou, S. (2019). Are better teachers more likely to move? Examining teacher mobility in rural China. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 28(2), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-018-0423-0
Wijayatunga, A. R. (2018). Overstay teacher transfers in public schools in Sri-Lanka: Impact on school management and performance. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Education, 4, 39-50.
Yan, Y. (2021). The influence of working conditions on principal turnover in K-12 public schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 2020, 56(1), 89-122.