EFFECTIVENESS OF COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES ON HEALTH CARE SERVICE DELIVERY IN JUBBALAND STATE OF SOMALIA
Keywords:
Donor Funding, Health Care Service Delivery, Medical Remittances, Medical Professionals, Jubbaland, Somalia
Abstract
There exists scanty empirical evidence that relates COVID-19 control measures and healthcare service delivery. Although the government of Somalia committed an estimated $5 million at the height of the pandemic as a healthcare response fund, its effects are yet to be estimated. As such, there is limited information on the extent that COVID-19-related restrictions imposed affected the delivery and operationalization of the healthcare sector. This research estimated the impact of different factors on the delivery of healthcare services in the region of Jubaland in Somalia. These factors included funding from donors, medical remittances, availability of healthcare facilities, and access to medical professionals. The study was based on two theories, namely the Agency Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). To gather data, a descriptive survey method was used, and a sample size of 185 was chosen from a population of 1850. Semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were conducted with respondents and key informants, and the collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential techniques. This study used descriptive statistics like percentages, means and standard deviations in summarizing and relating variables from administered questionnaires. The software enhanced data accuracy by utilizing multiple regression analysis to evaluate how COVID-19 control measures affect healthcare delivery. The qualitative data was examined through content analysis. The study concluded that the effectiveness of covid-19 control measures significantly affected the healthcare service delivery in Jubba land state of Somalia; donor funding, medical remittances, access to health facilities during the lock and access to medical professionals affected the healthcare service delivery in Jubba land state of Somalia. The study recommended improvement of the effectiveness of preventive control measures to enforce better health care service delivery.
References
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http://www.who.int/whosis/en/
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Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Kadri, S. S., Sun, J., Lawandi, A., Strich, J. R., Busch, L. M., Keller, M., ... & Warner, S. (2021). Association between caseload surge and COVID-19 survival in 558 US hospitals, March to August 2020. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(9), 1240-1251.
Kanaiaupuni, S. M., & Donato, K. M. (1999). Migradollars and mortality: The effects of migration on infant survival in Mexico. Demography, 36(3), 339-353.
Kashif, M., Faisal Jamal, K., & Abdur Rehman, M. (2018). The dynamics of Zakat donation experience among Muslims: a phenomenological inquiry. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 9(1), 45-58.
Keng’ara, R. (2014). Effect of funds disbursement procedures on implementation of Donor projects in Homabay County, Kenya. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(1), 9-23.
Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (2nd ed). New Delhi: New Age International Ltd.
Krause, S., Williams, H., Onyango, M. A., Sami, S., Doedens, W., Giga, N., ... & Tomczyk, B. (2015). Reproductive health services for Syrian refugees in Zaatri camp and Irbid City, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: an evaluation of the minimum initial services package. Conflict and health, 9(1), 1-10.
Kshetri, N. (2017). Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South? Third World Quarterly, 38(8), 1710-1732.
Lawson, M. L. (2013). Foreign aid: international donor coordination of development assistance.
Mathur, A. K., Hong, B., Ojo, A., & Merion, R. M. (2017). The National Living Donor Assistance Center's perspective on barriers to the use of federal travel grants for living donors. Clinical Transplantation, 31(7), e12984.
Mohamoud, S. A., Ali, M. A., Muse, A. M., Bile, A. S., & Mohmud, A. J. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout in Somalia: Experiences and Challenges in Fragile Context.
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Mugenda, O. (2008). Research Methodology 2nd Ed).Research Methods; Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi Acts Press.Mugenda and Mugenda (2013)
Mwabu, G., Ainsworth, M., & Nyamete, A. (1993). Quality of medical care and choice of medical treatment in Kenya: an empirical analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 838-862.
Ndavi, P. M., Mutungi, A. K. & Sinei, S. K. (1998). Reasons for Non-use of Contraception by Post-abortion Women at Kenyatta National Hospital.
Noor, A. M., Amin, A. A., Gething, P. W., Atkinson, P. M., Hay, S. I., & Snow, R. W. (2006). Modelling distances travelled to government health services in Kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11(2), 188-196.
Nor, H. W., Nyagah, L. M., Ali, A. S., Karanja, M. J., & Afrah, T. A. (2022). Lessons from Compliance to Covid-19 Infection Prevention and Control Measures Among Health Care Workers in Somalia: Making a Case to Improve Preparedness and Readiness for National Health Security in a Fragile Setting. Adv Prev Med Health Care, 5, 1035.
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Orodho, J. A. (2009). Elements of education and social science research methods. Nairobi/Maseno, 2(6), 26-133.
Oso, W. Y., & Onen, D. (2009). A general guide to writing research proposals and reports. Jomo Kenyatta Foundation..
Otieno, P. O., Wambiya, E. O., Mohamed, S. M., Mutua, M. K., Kibe, P. M., Mwangi, B., & Donfouet, H. P. P. (2020). Access to primary healthcare services and associated factors in urban slums in Nairobi-Kenya. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9.
Panneer, S., Kantamaneni, K., Akkayasamy, V. S., Susairaj, A. X., Panda, P. K., Acharya, S. S., ... & Pushparaj, R. R. B. (2022). The great lockdown in the wake of COVID-19 and its implications: lessons for low and middle-income countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(1), 610.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Pearson education.
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Spiegel, P., Chanis, R., Scognamiglio, T., & Trujillo, A. (2020). Innovative humanitarian health financing for refugees. Health policy and systems responses to forced migration, 35-52.
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Usak, M., Kubiatko, M., Shabbir, M. S., Viktorovna Dudnik, O., Jermsittiparsert, K., & Rajabion, L. (2020). Health care service delivery based on the Internet of things: A systematic and comprehensive study. International Journal of Communication Systems, 33(2), e4179.
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Walker, S. (2003). Early intervention systems for law enforcement agencies: A planning and management guide (p. 27). Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Warren, A. E., Wyss, K., Shakarishvili, G., Atun, R., & de Savigny, D. (2013). Global health initiative investments and health systems strengthening: a content analysis of global fund investments. Globalization and health, 9(1), 1-14.
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Ahmed, S. A. S., Ajisola, M., Azeem, K., Bakibinga, P., Chen, Y. F., Choudhury, N. N., ... & Yusuf, R. (2020). Impact of the societal response to COVID-19 on access to healthcare for non-COVID-19 health issues in slum communities of Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan: results of pre-COVID and COVID-19 lockdown stakeholder engagements. BMJ global health, 5(8), e003042.
Ahmed, Z., Ataullahjan, A., Gaffey, M. F., Osman, M., Umutoni, C., Bhutta, Z. A., & Dalmar, A. A. (2020). Understanding the factors affecting the human health and nutrition response for women and children in Somalia since 2000: a case study. Conflict and Health, 14, 1-15.
Aldersey, H., Dassah, E. & Davison, C. (2018). Factors affecting access to primary health care services for persons with disabilities in rural areas: a “best-fit” framework synthesis. Global health research and policy, 3(1), 1-13.
Alwan, N. A. (2020). Surveillance is underestimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 396(10252), e24.
Amuedo-Dorantes, C., Sainz, T., & Pozo, S. (2007). Remittances and healthcare expenditure patterns of populations in origin communities: evidence from Mexico. Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), Inter-American Development Bank, Working Paper, 25.
Awajobi, N. O. (2019). Impact of remittances on healthcare utilisation and expenditure in developing countries: a systematic review. Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(3), 304-310.
Barasa, E., Kairu, A., Maritim, M., Were, V., Akech, S., & Mwangangi, M. (2021). Examining unit costs for COVID-19 case management in Kenya. BMJ global health, 6(4), e004159.
Barasa, E., Kazungu, J., Orangi, S., Kabia, E., Ogero, M., & Kasera, K. (2021). Assessing the indirect health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya (Vol. 2021). Washington, DC, USA: Center for Global Development.
Barnett, M., & Walker, P. (2015). Regime change for humanitarian aid. Foreign Aff., 94, 130.
Bossert, T. (1998). Analyzing the decentralization of health systems in developing countries: decision space, innovation and performance. Social science & medicine, 47(10), 1513-1527.
Braam, D. H., Srinivasan, S., Church, L., Sheikh, Z., Jephcott, F. L., & Bukachi, S. (2021). Lockdowns, lives and livelihoods: the impact of COVID-19 and public health responses to conflict-affected populations-a remote qualitative study in Baidoa and Mogadishu, Somalia. Conflict and Health, 15(1), 1-11.
Bukuluki, P., Kisaakye, P., Mulekya, F., Mushomi, J., Mayora, C., Palattiyil, G., ... & Nair, H. (2022). Disruption in accessing sexual and reproductive health services among border populations during COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda. Journal of Global Health, 12.
Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P.S. (2003). Business research methods.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
Dorji, T. (2021). The gross national happiness framework and the health system response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 104(2), 441.
Ebeke, C., & Drabo, A. (2011). Remittances, public health spending and foreign aid in the access to health care services in developing countries. Etudes et Documents du CERDI.
Falkingham, J. (2004). Poverty, out-of-pocket payments and access to health care: evidence from Tajikistan. Social science & medicine, 58(2), 247-258.
Fryatt, R., Mills, A., & Nordstrom, A. (2010). Financing of health systems to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals in low-income countries. The Lancet, 375(9712), 419-426.
Gage, A. J. (2007). Barriers to the utilization of maternal health care in rural Mali. Social science & medicine, 65(8), 1666-1682.
Gautier, L., & Ridde, V. (2017). Health financing policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: government ownership or donors’ influence? A scoping review of policymaking processes. Global health research and policy, 2(1), 1-17.
Haider, H. (2021). Malaria, HIV and TB in Nigeria: Epidemiology and Disease Control Challenges.
Hale, T., Angrist, N., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., & Webster, S. (2020). Variation in government responses to COVID-19.
Heritage Institute (2020). The Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Somalia. 2020 Nov. Available from: https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/The-economic-impacts-of-Covid-19-on-Somalia.pdf
http://www.who.int/whosis/en/
Iteba, N., Obrist, B., Lengeler, C., Makemba, A., Mshana, C., Nathan, R., ... & Mshinda, H. (2007). Access to health care in contexts of livelihood insecurity: a framework for analysis and action. PLoS medicine, 4(10), e308.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Kadri, S. S., Sun, J., Lawandi, A., Strich, J. R., Busch, L. M., Keller, M., ... & Warner, S. (2021). Association between caseload surge and COVID-19 survival in 558 US hospitals, March to August 2020. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(9), 1240-1251.
Kanaiaupuni, S. M., & Donato, K. M. (1999). Migradollars and mortality: The effects of migration on infant survival in Mexico. Demography, 36(3), 339-353.
Kashif, M., Faisal Jamal, K., & Abdur Rehman, M. (2018). The dynamics of Zakat donation experience among Muslims: a phenomenological inquiry. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 9(1), 45-58.
Keng’ara, R. (2014). Effect of funds disbursement procedures on implementation of Donor projects in Homabay County, Kenya. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(1), 9-23.
Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (2nd ed). New Delhi: New Age International Ltd.
Krause, S., Williams, H., Onyango, M. A., Sami, S., Doedens, W., Giga, N., ... & Tomczyk, B. (2015). Reproductive health services for Syrian refugees in Zaatri camp and Irbid City, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: an evaluation of the minimum initial services package. Conflict and health, 9(1), 1-10.
Kshetri, N. (2017). Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South? Third World Quarterly, 38(8), 1710-1732.
Lawson, M. L. (2013). Foreign aid: international donor coordination of development assistance.
Mathur, A. K., Hong, B., Ojo, A., & Merion, R. M. (2017). The National Living Donor Assistance Center's perspective on barriers to the use of federal travel grants for living donors. Clinical Transplantation, 31(7), e12984.
Mohamoud, S. A., Ali, M. A., Muse, A. M., Bile, A. S., & Mohmud, A. J. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout in Somalia: Experiences and Challenges in Fragile Context.
Mugenda, O. &Mugenda, A. (2013) Research Methods, Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi ACTS
Mugenda, O. (2008). Research Methodology 2nd Ed).Research Methods; Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi Acts Press.Mugenda and Mugenda (2013)
Mwabu, G., Ainsworth, M., & Nyamete, A. (1993). Quality of medical care and choice of medical treatment in Kenya: an empirical analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 838-862.
Ndavi, P. M., Mutungi, A. K. & Sinei, S. K. (1998). Reasons for Non-use of Contraception by Post-abortion Women at Kenyatta National Hospital.
Noor, A. M., Amin, A. A., Gething, P. W., Atkinson, P. M., Hay, S. I., & Snow, R. W. (2006). Modelling distances travelled to government health services in Kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11(2), 188-196.
Nor, H. W., Nyagah, L. M., Ali, A. S., Karanja, M. J., & Afrah, T. A. (2022). Lessons from Compliance to Covid-19 Infection Prevention and Control Measures Among Health Care Workers in Somalia: Making a Case to Improve Preparedness and Readiness for National Health Security in a Fragile Setting. Adv Prev Med Health Care, 5, 1035.
Okinda, W. O. (2013). Accountability of donor funding by non-governmental organisations in Kisumu County (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi,).
Orodho, A.J. (2012). Techniques of Writing Research proposals in Education and Social Sciences. Maseno, Kenya: Kanezja Publishers.
Orodho, J. A. (2009). Elements of education and social science research methods. Nairobi/Maseno, 2(6), 26-133.
Oso, W. Y., & Onen, D. (2009). A general guide to writing research proposals and reports. Jomo Kenyatta Foundation..
Otieno, P. O., Wambiya, E. O., Mohamed, S. M., Mutua, M. K., Kibe, P. M., Mwangi, B., & Donfouet, H. P. P. (2020). Access to primary healthcare services and associated factors in urban slums in Nairobi-Kenya. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9.
Panneer, S., Kantamaneni, K., Akkayasamy, V. S., Susairaj, A. X., Panda, P. K., Acharya, S. S., ... & Pushparaj, R. R. B. (2022). The great lockdown in the wake of COVID-19 and its implications: lessons for low and middle-income countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(1), 610.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Pearson education.
Spiegel, P. B. (2017). The humanitarian system is not just broken, but broken: recommendations for future humanitarian action. The Lancet.
Spiegel, P., Chanis, R., Scognamiglio, T., & Trujillo, A. (2020). Innovative humanitarian health financing for refugees. Health policy and systems responses to forced migration, 35-52.
Tumwesigye, N. M., Denis, O., Kaakyo, M., & Biribawa, C. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on health services and mitigation measures in Uganda. Washington: Center for Global Development.
Usak, M., Kubiatko, M., Shabbir, M. S., Viktorovna Dudnik, O., Jermsittiparsert, K., & Rajabion, L. (2020). Health care service delivery based on the Internet of things: A systematic and comprehensive study. International Journal of Communication Systems, 33(2), e4179.
Van Reisen, M., Fulgencio, H. T., Van Stam, G., Ong’ayo, A. O., & Van Dijk, J. (2016). money Remittances: Contributing to the quality of rural health care. In Conference Paper, AfriCOMM.
Vogt, W. P. (Ed.). (2010). SAGE quantitative research methods. Sage.
Walker, S. (2003). Early intervention systems for law enforcement agencies: A planning and management guide (p. 27). Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Warren, A. E., Wyss, K., Shakarishvili, G., Atun, R., & de Savigny, D. (2013). Global health initiative investments and health systems strengthening: a content analysis of global fund investments. Globalization and health, 9(1), 1-14.
WHO (2008).WHO Statistical Information System. Geneva: Available Online <
WHO (2015). World Health Organization Humanitarian Response Plans in 2015.
WHO (2020). COVID-19 Situation Report - Somalia. United Nations; 2020 Aug
Wilson, G. J., & Redd, S. (2020). Strengthening Somalia’s health systems: emerging stronger from Covid-19. Humantaran Polcy gROup, 3(1), 1-7.
Wilson, V. (2014). Research methods: triangulation. Evidence-based library and information practice, 9(1), 74-75.
World Health Organization (2021). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed on 3 March 2021).
Worlu, R., Kehinde, O. J., & Borishade, T. T. (2016). Effective customer experience management in health-care sector of Nigeria: a conceptual model. International journal of pharmaceutical and healthcare marketing, 10(4), 449-466.
