EVOLUTION OF TERROR ATTACKS AND RESPONSE BY KENYA SECURITY FORCES FROM 1998 TO 2020

Abstract

Over the last two decades, the manner in which terrorists have carried attacks in Kenya and beyond has evidently evolved. However, response by our security forces seems to have not evolved to match the ever-changing modus operandi of the terrorists. The attacks have evolved from simple bomb attacks, use of heavy mass bombs, missiles, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks (MTFAs), and many other forms. The main objective of the study was to examine evolution of terrorism attacks and response by the Kenyan Security Forces. The specific objectives were to investigate changes in the nature of terror attacks in Kenya from 1998 to the present, to evaluate the responses by Kenya security forces from 1998 to the present and to establish alternative methods of response during terror attacks. The study employs a descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research design. The goal was to collect data from various sources in order to gain a deeper understanding of their opinions, perspectives and attitudes in regard to the terror attacks in Kenya and how they have been responded to. The study’s target population was the Kenyan security agents. Structured interviews and focus group discussions were used to acquire qualitative data, while questionnaires were used to obtain numerical data. The study found that there were indeed tremendous changes in the nature of terror attacks since 1998. These changes ranged from the weapons used to the effectiveness of measures put in place after terror attacks. The study also found that various actions had been taken by the Kenya security forces in response to terror attacks since the 1998 US embassy bombing. These included enhanced communication and coordination during terror attacks, efficiency in responding to attacks, intelligence gathering and various counter terrorism strategies. The study further found alternative methods of response including the Introduction of anti-terror unit on standby in high-risk areas, improving multi-agency communication and coordination and the incorporation of technology in terror attacks. The study thus concluded that the Kenyan government can work towards a peaceful future by learning from the past and building on the successes and failures of previous efforts. The study recommended that the Kenyan security forces should set up counter-terrorism policies which would help to curb terrorism. Other recommendations from the study included; enhancing international cooperation, improving multi-agency communication and coordination, and community engagement.