EFFECTIVENESS OF CIVIL-MILITARY COORDINATION IN RESOURCES MOBILIZATION DURING DISASTER RESPONSE OPERATIONS IN KENYA
A CASE STUDY OF SOLAI DAM TRAGEDY IN NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA
Keywords:
Disaster Management, Civil-Military Cooperation, Solai Dam, Resource Mobilization
Abstract
This study assessed how well civil-military cooperation worked to mobilize resources during the Solai Dam catastrophe disaster response operation in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was informed by general systems theory. The study's target group included 395 respondents from the multi-agency response team and other stakeholders who were involved in the Solai dam accident. A descriptive research design was used. The study's 199 respondents were chosen by stratified random selection, and its major data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The researcher sought permission from the relevant authority before proceeding with data collection. A pilot study was undertaken by the researcher to evaluate the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) was used in the cleaning and recording of data. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive, regression, and correlation analysis. Data presentation was done by the use of percentages, frequency tables, means, and narratives. The research demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact of Civil-Military coordination in resource mobilization on the effectiveness of disaster response operations in Kenya. Based on the results of the study, it concluded that civil-military coordination in resource mobilization has a statistically and positive significant impact on disaster response operations effectiveness in Kenya. The study recommended that Civil-Military organizations must improve their command and control, understanding, knowledge, and relations to improve coordination in resource mobilization. The study further recommended strict adherence and implementation of the existing policies, legal and institutional frameworks on disaster management.
References
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Bertalanffy, L. (1968) General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, Rev. ed., George Braziller, New York. 1-142
Boum II, Y., Burns, B. F., Siedner, M., Mburu, Y., Bukusi, E., & Haberer, J. E. (2018). Advancing equitable global health research partnerships in Africa. BMJ Global Health, 3(4), e000868.
Brouwer, R., & Burton, C. (2014). The Role of Civil–Military Co-operation in Disaster Relief: An Analysis of the UK Response to the 2013-2014 Floods. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 13, 62–74.
Bunker, D., and Sleigh, T. (2016). "Social Media Use and Convergence Behaviors During Disasters: A Cloud with a Silver Lining or a Fog of Manipulation?" Proceedings of the 39th Information Systems Research Conference in Scandinavia, Ljungskile, Sweden.
Burke R. (2016) Lessons from Katrina: commanding the military during disaster response-then and now. International Journal of Emergency Management.12(3):221–40.
Celia B., (2016) The management of response operations in case of natural disaster: from literature to reality. Dissertation ULG
Chapman E., (2020) A New Way of Working Together: A Civil - Military Interaction Model for Future Australian Disaster Response Operations. PhD thesis University of New South Wales, Australia
Cook, A.D. and Yogendran, S., (2020),. ‘Conceptualizing humanitarian civil-military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific: (Re-) ordering cooperation’, Australian Journal of International Affairs 74(1), 35–53.
Cooper, R. & Schindler, S. (2011), Business Research Methods (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Cosgrave, J. (2014) Responding to Flood Disasters: Learning from previous relief and recovery operations. ALNAP Lessons Paper. London: ALNAP/ODI.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, p 14-25
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
Development Initiatives (2017) Assessment of Kenya's preparedness to disasters caused by natural hazards: Floods, drought and disease outbreak Report. P 4-43
Dörre A. & Goibnazarov C. (2018). Small-scale irrigation self-governance in a mountain region of tajikistan. Mountain Research and Development 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-17-00085.1
Drost, E. A. (2011). Validity and reliability in social science research. Education Research and perspectives, 38(1), 105-123.
Ehnis, C., (2017) social media within Emergency Management Organisations - A case study exploring Social Media utilisation for Emergency and Disaster Management. PhD thesis University of Sydney
Gary C., Forrest E., Michael A., Timothy J., Agnes S, & Matthew S., (2013). The U.S. Military Response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Considerations for Army Leaders. RAND
Gossler T. Wakolbinger T. & Burkart C. (2020). Outsourcing in humanitarian logistics – status quo and future directions. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 403–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2018-0400
Gramatikov P., (2020). Civil-Military Collaboration in Complex Emergencies. The Neofit Rilski Southwestern University, Republic of Bulgaria
Gwendolyn B., Jori K., and Myriame B., (2021). “Civil-Military Interaction Meets Civil-Military Relations. New York: Springer International Publishing
Ibrahim N, Abdullah H, Roslan H. (2018) Relationship between Civil and Military in Disaster Response and Recoverys. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 8(6):1216–23
Irvine T., (2020) Accountability in Emergency: Office of Inspector General Oversight of Federal Emergency Management Agency Disaster Awards. Thesis California State University, Sacramento
Kaneberg, E., Hertz, S., & Jensen, L. (2016). Emergency preparedness planning in developed countries: The Swedish case. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(2), 145-172.
Kenya Human Rights Commission. (2014). Strategic plan 2014-2018: goal-enhanced human-centred government at all levels. Kenya Human Rights Commission.
Kikuvi, E. M. (2015). Secondary schools' preparedness on disaster management in the provision of education in Nairobi County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya).
Kothari, C. (2009). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New age international publishers. New Delhi.
Kudzanayi, C. M. (2020). Effect of predisaster public finance on disaster mitigation in Eastern and SouthernAfrica. Thesis, Strathmore University.
Martin, J. (2016). Civil – Military coordination in disaster response benefits all. Daily Asian Age.
MoHA (2016) Disaster risk reduction in Nepal: achievements, challenges and ways forward DPNet Nepal
Mugenda, O., & Mugenda, A. (2008). Research Methods – Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: ACTS Press.
Murtaza, G., Ahmed, M., & Rehman, A. U. (2013). Analysis of Response to the 2005 Pakistan-Kashmir Earthquake: A case of Poor Coordination between Military and Civil Organizations. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 6, 69-77.
Ndar A., (2019) A critical analysis of Kenya’s disaster management strategy. Thesis, University of Nairobi
Nevin, R. L., & Anderson, J. N. (2016). The timeliness of the US military response to the 2014 Ebola disaster: a critical review. Medicine, Conflict & Survival, 32(1), 40.
Noori, N. S., Wolbers, J., Boersma, K., & Vilasís-Cardona, X. (2016). A Dynamic Perspective of Emerging Coordination Clusters in Crisis Response Networks. In ISCRAM.
Osanloo A., & Grant C., (2022). Understanding, selecting, and integrating a theoretical framework in dissertation research: creating the blueprint for your “house” 1-15
Raja, M., Irshad, F., Sukarno, B., (2017) Analysis of the Civil - Military relationship to improve efficacy and coordination of Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief efforts. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
Republic of Kenya, (2021). Report on select the commmetee on the solai dam tragedy. The senate, Nairobi, Kenya.
Russell, J., & van de Walle, N. (2020). Civil-Military Coordination and Disaster Response: Analysis of the Mozambique Cyclone Idai Response. International Peacekeeping, 27(2), 203-221.
Saunders, M. N., & Townsend, K. (2016). Reporting and justifying the number of interview participants in organization and workplace research. British Journal of Management, 27(4), 836-852.
Sheppard, Phillip S., and Michel D Landry. 2016. Lessons from the 2015 Earthquake(s) in Nepal: Implication for Rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation 38: 910–13.
Tanzi T. Apvrille L. Dugelay J.-L. Roudier Y. & 2014 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). (2014). Ieee global humanitarian technology conference (ghtc 2014). In Uavs for humanitarian missions: autonomy and reliability (pp. 271–278). essay IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2014.6970292
Tatham P, Rietjens S. (2016) Integrated disaster relief logistics: a stepping stone towards viable civil–military networks? Disasters. 40(1):7–25.
Thomas P., (2016). ‘The U.S. Pacific Command Response to Super Typhoon Haiyan,’ Joint Force Quarterly 82, no. 3rd Quarter, pp. 54–61.
Valdez, P., (2018) “Adoption of a Town-wide Forensic Structural Investigation Procedure for Typhoon Effects: A Case Study of Palo, Leyte, Philippines”, Undergraduate Thesis, Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines
Wafula, L. N. (2012). “The Challenges and Opportunities for Integrated Disasters and Risk Management with Particular Reference to Policy, Legislation and Regulations in Kenya”. 8th FIG Regional Conference 2012Surveying towards Sustainable Development Montevideo, Uruguay, 26 –29 November 2012.
